Fascism in Europe

Part of a series on
Fascism
Principles Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Interventionism Economic Social Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism
Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism
Politicians Arcand Araki Balbo Böszörmény Bottai Bucard Ciano Codreanu Darnand Déat Degrelle Doriot Franco Goga Hitler Ljotić von Marées Monshizadeh Mosley Mussolini Nakano O'Duffy Quisling Pavelić Pelley Preto Primo de Rivera Ramos Rodzaevsky Saadeh Salgado Sima Starace Starhemberg Strasser Szálasi Tiso Türkeş Valois Van Severen
Intellectuals Baeumler Bardèche Chamberlain Chesterton D'Annunzio Darré De Benoist Devi Dugin Eckart Evola Feder Freda Gentile Giani de Gobineau Haushofer Jung Kita von Liebenfels von List Marinetti Michels Nihal Atsız Ōkawa Olivetti Panunzio Pound Ramos Rosenberg Schmitt Sorel Spirito Valois Yockey
Literature "Fascist Manifesto" (1919) Mein Kampf (1925) My Autobiography (1928) The Myth of the Twentieth Century (1930) La Conquista del Estado (1931) "The Doctrine of Fascism" (1932) Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics (1948) Foundations of Geopolitics (1997) The Last Will of a Russian Fascist (2001)
Organizations National Fascist Party Blackshirts Squadrismo Nazi Party Gestapo Hitler Youth RAD SA SS Iron Guard Ustaše Ustaše Youth Blueshirts British Union of Fascists Stewards Brazilian Integralist Action Silver Legion of America Fatherland Front FE de las JONS National Radical Camp National Christian Party Rexist Party Axis powers FET y de las JONS Slovak People's Party Arrow Cross Party Imperial Rule Assistance Association Great Japan Youth Party Yokusan Sonendan Republican Fascist Party Kataeb Party
History March on Rome Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Second Italo-Senussi War Mukden Incident German election of 1932 Enabling Act Austrian Civil War 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Second Italo-Ethiopian War Spanish Civil War Unification Decree Battle of Cable Street Second Sino-Japanese War Marco Polo Bridge Incident Japanese war crimes Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Italian invasion of Albania Pact of Steel World War II The Holocaust Downfall in Italy Downfall in Germany Surrender of Japan Nasjonal Samling Nuremberg trials International Military Tribunal for the Far East
Lists Anti-fascists Books about Hitler British fascist parties Fascist movements by country (A-F G-M N-T U-Z) Nazi ideologues Nazi leaders Speeches by Hitler SS personnel
Variants Argentine Nacionalismo Orthodox Peronism Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Clerical Crypto Eco French Révolution nationale Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Ilminism Islamic Italian Jewish Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism LaRoucheism Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Strasserism Neo Pan-Turkic Rexism Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Sosism Spanish Falangism Francoism Shōwa Statism Restoration Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Position National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Ustašism
By continent Asia Europe Bulgaria North America Canada South America Peru Uruguay
Related topics Alt-right Anti-fascism Culture of fear F-scale Fascist as an insult Feudal fascism Futurism Glossary of Fascist Italy Glossary of Nazi Germany Para-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Supremacism
Politics portal
v t e

Fascist movements in Europe were the set of various fascist ideologies which were practiced by governments and political organizations in Europe during the 20th century. Fascism was born in Italy following World War I, and other fascist movements, influenced by Italian Fascism, subsequently emerged across Europe. Among the political doctrines which are identified as ideological origins of fascism in Europe are the combining of a traditional national unity and revolutionary anti-democratic rhetoric which was espoused by the integral nationalist Charles Maurras^[1] and the revolutionary syndicalist Georges Sorel.

The earliest foundations of fascism in practice can be seen in the Italian Regency of Carnaro,^[2] led by the Italian nationalist Gabriele D'Annunzio, many of whose politics and aesthetics were subsequently used by Benito Mussolini and his Italian Fasces of Combat which Mussolini had founded as the Fasces of Revolutionary Action in 1914. Despite the fact that its members referred to themselves as "fascists", the ideology was based around national syndicalism.^[3] The ideology of fascism would not fully develop until 1921, when Mussolini transformed his movement into the National Fascist Party, which then in 1923 incorporated the Italian Nationalist Association. The INA established fascist tropes such as colored shirt uniforms and also received the support of important proto-fascists like D'Annunzio and nationalist intellectual Enrico Corradini.

The first declaration of the political stance of fascism was the Fascist Manifesto, written by national syndicalist Alceste De Ambris and futurist poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti and published in 1919. Many of the policies advanced in the manifesto, such as centralization, abolition of the senate, formation of national councils loyal to the state, expanded military power, and support for militias (Blackshirts, for example) were adopted by Mussolini's regime, while other calls such as universal suffrage and a peaceful foreign policy^[4] were abandoned. De Ambris later became a prominent anti-fascist. In 1932, "The Doctrine of Fascism", an essay by Mussolini and Giovanni Gentile, provided an outline of fascism that better represented Mussolini's regime.